I recently left a comment about Chamberlain at CultureWatch. The following is the expanded edition.
Chamberlain has been harshly judged by history. Time after time, his appeasement policy is derided as foolish. Had war on Hitler been declared earlier, so the reasoning goes, the war would have been over much quicker, with fewer casualties and no Holocaust. But such are the benefits of hindsight. Was an earlier declaration of war feasible, and would it have achieved these results?
The normal reason given for Chamberlain’s appeasement policy is a desire to avoid a repeat of the Great War. It is true that Britain was very much keen to avoid war because of the carnage of the First World War. But there were other reasons for their inaction.
One is the harshness of the Versailles treaty. The punitive measures outlined in that treaty were seen as overly unfair and harsh, as indeed they were. Germany had its territory greatly reduced and had to pay crippling reparations. The first aggressive actions of Nazi Germany, namely rearmament, the sending of troops into the Rhineland and the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland, were thus seen by many as righting the wrongs of the Versailles treaty, and no good cause for a war. In the case of Austria, it was widely known that most Austrians supported the unification of Austria and Germany.
It was only after Germany broke the terms of the Munich agreement by swallowing Czechoslovakia that popular opinion in Britain turned against them. Before that point, the public did not perceive any just cause for a war. They did not see much wrong with Germany was doing.
Also, Britain simply didn’t have the economic capacity to wage war. During Hitler’s rise Britain and France were still in the midst of the Great Depression. Thus their economic ability to wage war was greatly diminished. It is no wonder they were reluctant to wage war under those conditions. Indeed, the British government almost went bankrupt under the economic strains of the war, and certainly would have if not for the United States.
Britain never had the capacity to fight alone. In a war against Germany, France would have to supply the bulk of the manpower and equipment, while undertaking most of the risk. The assistance of the United States was also required. Were these nations willing to wage war? On the contrary, both were far more reluctant to wage war than Britain was.
Under such circumstances, starting a war would have been foolhardy in the extreme, but preparing for war was very necessary. Public perception seems to be that Britain did very little in this regard. Far from doing nothing, Britain invested a lot in rearming during the ’30s. This included the development of radar, which proved so crucial in the Battle of Britain.
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